Carman's foto source

Wednesday, November 19 , 2008 05:58:08 PM

	Cart is empty

Home

Store Locator

Services

Passports & ID Photos

Search:

Select language:

Carman's News

November Features!

Enter email here to receive our newsletters

Subscribe

Departments

Manufacturers

Canon Fujifilm Nikon Olympus Panasonic Pentax

Help

Contact Us About Us Privacy Statement Terms & Conditions Returns & Exchange Policy Shipping & Handling Career Opportunities

Carman's foto source

Back to Main

At Carman's we understand that some of the abbreviations and terms used when describing digital cameras can be confusing so we created this document to explain them.

These terms can be particularly confusing because you are dealing with digital cameras, photography and computer technology at the same time.

Quick jump to:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

3x, 5x, 10x - Denotes the focal length ratio of a zoom lens - this is an optical, not digital zoom.
See also "Digital Zoom" below.

A/D Converter - A device that converts analog information (a photograph or video frame) into a series of numbers that a computer can store and manipulate. All digital cameras use an A/D converter, the higher the bit rate the better the output. Modern hi-res digital cameras employ a 12-bit or 14-bit A/D to increase the dynamic range (range of light from highlight to shadow).

AA cell - In the digital camera world this refers to the most common power source, the AA-size battery. See also "NiCd" and "NiMH"
and check here: NiMH Batteries/Chargers

AA Filter - Most digital SLR cameras employ a Low Pass Filter (LPF) or Anti-Aliasing (AA) filter in front of the imager to help eliminate color aliasing (moire) problems.

AC Power - Running your digital camera off the wall outlet power rather than by battery power. Usually means purchasing optional AC power adapter.

Add-On Lens - Some lenses have filter threads on the front edge that allow you to mount an auxiliary wide angle or telephoto lens in addition to the standard lens.

AE - Auto Exposure, a system for automatically setting the proper exposure according to the existing light conditions. There are three types of AE systems:

Programmed where the camera picks the best shutter speed and aperture automatically
Program Shift same as Programmed plus the user can "shift" to other combinations of aperture and shutter speed values
Aperture Priority, the user chooses an aperture value and the shutter speed is automatically determined by lighting conditions
Shutter Priority, the user chooses a shutter speed and the aperture is automatically determined by lighting conditions

AE Lock - The ability to hold the current exposure settings and allow you to point the camera elsewhere before capturing the image. This is usually accomplished by half-pressing the shutter button and keeping it at that position until you're ready to capture the image.

AF - Auto Focus. A system that automatically focuses the camera lens.

Aliasing - An effect caused by sampling an image (or signal) at too low a rate. It makes rapid change (high texture) areas of an image appear as a slow change in the sample image. Once aliasing occurs, there is no way to accurately reproduce the original image from the sampled image.

Algorithm - A mathematical routine that solves a problem or equation. In imaging, the term is usually used to describe the set of routines that make up a compression or color management program.

Angle of View - The angle of view is calculated by the focal length of the lens and the size of the image sensor. Consumer digital camera focal lengths are usually stated in terms of their 35mm film equivalents. For digital SLR cameras with interchangeable lenses it's more difficult as different cameras have different size sensors.

Anti-aliasing - The process of reducing stair-stepping by smoothing edges where individual pixels are visible.

Anti-Shake - Konica Minolta's "Anti-Shake" feature is the mechanical shifting of the imager to compensate for camera movement and minimize blurring at lower shutter speeds. Putting this type of image stabilization in the camera body of a dSLR means that it doesn't have to built into the lenses and therefore it makes them lighter and less expensive. See also "Optical Image Stabilization"

Aperture - The lens opening formed by the iris diaphragm inside the lens.

Aperture Priority AE - Exposure is calculated based on the aperture value chosen by the photographer. This allows for depth of field (DOF: Range of focus) control - large aperture = shallow DOF and a small aperture = deep DOF.

Archive - A collection of data in long-term storage.

Artifact(ing) - Misinterpreted information from a JPEG or compressed image. Color faults or line faults that visibly impact the image negatively.

Aspect Ratio - The ratio of horizontal to vertical dimensions of an image. The most common aspect ratio in digital cameras is 4:3 so that images "fit" properly on computer screens (800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024). Some cameras offer a 3:2 mode so that you can print "perfect" 4x6-inch prints with no cropping necessary and there is the 16:9 mode for display on wide HDTV screens.

Aspherical Lens - A lens whose edges have been flattened so that it is not a perfect sphere, produces a superior image.

Automatic Exposure - The camera automatically adjusts the aperture or shutter speed or both for the proper exposure.

Autofocus - The camera lens focuses automatically, usually when the shutter release is half-pressed.

AVI - Movie clip in Windows' AVI format. See "Movie clip"

AWB - Automatic White Balance. A system for automatically setting the white balance in today's digital cameras. See also "White Balance"

B&W - Term used to mean black and white

Back Lit - The subject is heavily lit from behind which generally causes it to be underexposed unless you use critical spot metering.

Background - the part of a scene (or picture) that lies behind objects in the foreground.

Backlight - The illumination for a color LCD display. Early color LCD used high voltage fluorescent lamps, newer LCDs now use white LEDs which are much more energy efficient.

Banding - An artifact of color gradation in computer imaging, when graduated colors break into larger blocks of a single color, reducing the "smooth" look of a proper gradation.

Barrel Distortion - A common geometric lens distortion causing an acquired image to pucker toward the center and be "rounded" along the outer edges.

Bit - The smallest unit of memory; a contraction from 'binary' and 'digit'. Binary digits are 0 and 1, also known as ons and offs.

Bit Depth - This refers to the color or gray scale of an individual pixel. A pixel with 8 bits per color gives a 24 bit image. (8 Bits X 3 colors is 24 bits.) 24 bit color resolution is 16.7 million colors.

Bitmap - The method of storing information that maps an image pixel, bit by bit. There are many bitmapped file formats, .bmp, .pcx, .pict, tiff, .tif, .gif, and so on. Most image files are bit mapped. This type of file gives you the 'jaggies', when examined closely you can see the line of pixels that create the edges.

Bleed - Printing term referring to an image or linked area that extends to the edge of the printed piece.

Blooming - A visual effect caused by overexposing a CCD to too much light, This "digital overexposure" can cause distortions of the subject and/or color.

Blue Tooth - A wireless standard for connecting cameras, PDAs, laptops, computers and cellphones. Uses very high frequency radio waves. Blue Tooth devices when in-range (less than 30 feet) of each other easily establish a connection.

BMP - BitMapped graphic file format popular with Windows computers. This is an uncompressed file format like TIFF.

Borderless - Means a photo print with no border around it. Old term for this was full-bleed printing.

Bracketing - see Exposure Bracketing

Brightness - The value of a pixel in an electronic image, representing its lightness value from black to white. Usually defined as brightness levels ranging in value from 0 (black) to 255 (white).

Buffer - A temporary storage area usually held in RAM. The purpose of a buffer is to act as a temporary holding area for data that will allow the CPU to manipulate data before transferring it to a device. Also see DRAM Buffer

Bulb - This is a long time exposure setting - shutter stays open for as long as you keep the shutter release button held down. Time exposure mode. Similar to bulb mode, only the photographer presses the shutter release once to open the shutter and once again to close it. Largely superseded by bulb mode on most cameras, for some reason. Odd, as I think T mode is more convenient to use than bulb, and no harder to implement on automated cameras. However, some cameras have a similar function with their electronic shutter releases, even though it isn’t called T mode. For example, Canon cameras which support the RC-1 infrared remote work like this in bulb mode. One press of the RC-1 shutter release opens the shutter; another press closes it.

Burst Mode - The ability to rapidly capture images as long as the shutter button is held down. Also called Continuous frame capture.

Byte - An ensemble of eight bits of memory in a computer.

Calibration - The act of adjusting the color of one device relative to another, such as a monitor to a printer, or a scanner to a film recorder. Or, it may be the process of adjusting the color of one device to some established standard.

Card Reader - A device that you insert flash memory cards into to transfer the data to the computer. Much faster than the serial port! See also "PCMCIA" and "PC Card"
and check here: Flash Memory Cards/Readers

CCD - Charged Coupled Device, a light sensitive chip used for image gathering. In their normal condition these are grey scale devices. To create color a color pattern is laid down on the sensor pixels, using a RGBG color mask (Red, Green, Blue, and Green) The extra Green is used to create contrast in the image. The CCD Pixels gather the color from the light and pass it to the shift register for storage. CCDs are analog sensors, the digitizing happens when the electrons are passed through the A to D converter. The A to D converter converts the analog signal to a digital file or signal. See also "CMOS" below

CD - CompactDisc - read only storage media capable of holding 650MB of digital data.

CDR - CompactDisc Recordable - a CD that you can write to once that can not be erased but can be read many times, holds 650~700MB of digital data.

CDRW - CompactDisc ReWriteable - the newest kind of CD-R that can be erased and re-used many times, holds about 450MB of data.

Center-Weighted - A term used to describe an auto exposure system that uses the center portion of the image to adjust the overall exposure value. See also "Spot Metering" and "Matrix metering"

CF - see CompactFlash and check here: Flash Memory Cards

Channel - One piece of information stored with an image. True color images, for instance, have three channels-red, green and blue.

Chroma - The color of an image element (pixel). Chroma is made up of saturation + hue values, but separate from the luminance value.

Chromatic Aberration - Also known as the "purple fringe effect." It is common in two Megapixel and higher resolution digital cameras (especially those with long telephoto zoom lenses) when a dark area is surrounded by a highlight. Along the edge between dark and light you will see a line or two of purple or violet colored pixels that shouldn't be there.

CIFF - Camera Image File Format, an agreed method of digital camera image storage used by many camera makers.

CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor - Another imaging system used by digital cameras. It is not as popular as CCD but the future promises us even better digital cameras based on CMOS sensors due to the lower amount of power consumption versus the typical CCD device.

CMS - Color Management System. A software program (or a software and hardware combination) designed to ensure color matching and calibration between video or computer monitors and any form of hard copy output.

CMYK - Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, blacK; These are the printer colors used to create color prints. Most color printers, Ink-Jet, Laser, Dye-Sublimation and Thermal printers use these as their printer colors. (This is one of the color management problems for computers. Converting RGB files to CMYK files cause's color shifts.) When used by a printer the CMYK is also known as a reflective color since it is printed on paper, or reflective films.

Codec - Compresses information so that it can be sent across a network faster, and decompresses information received via the network.

Color Balance - The accuracy with which the colors captured in the image match the original scene.

Color Cast - An unwanted tint of one color in an image caused by a disproportionate amount of cyan, magenta, and yellow. This can occur due to an input or output device.

Color Copier - Color printing device using electrostatic and CMYK Pigments.

Color Correction - The process of correcting or enhancing the color of an image.

Color Depth - Digital images can approximate color realism, but how they do so is referred to as color depth, pixel-depth, or bit depth. Modern computer displays use 24-bit True Color. It's called this because it displays 16 million colors, about the same number as the human eye can discern.

Color Space - Digital cameras use known color profiles to generate their images. The most common is sRGB or AdobeRGB and this information along with the camera and exposure data is stored in Exif header of the JPEG file. This color space information ensures that graphic programs and printers have a reference to the color profile the camera used at the time of exposure.
see ICC Profile for more information.

CompactFlash (CF) - Up until 2004 CF was the most common type of digital camera flash memory storage. It is removable, small and available in sizes from 4MB up to 8GB. CF is now used only in digital SLR cameras, most compact digital cameras after 2004 use the Secure Digital (SD) media cards.

CF Type I

CF Type II

Type I devices are all solid state but Type II devices include a miniature, rotating hard drive.
and check here: Flash Memory Cards/Readers

COM port - Your computer has serial communication ports which support the RS-232 standard of communication. This is the most common interface used to transfer data from a digital camera to the computer.

Compression - A digital photograph creates an image file that is huge, a low-resolution 640x480 image has 307,200 pixels. If each pixel uses 24 bits (3 bytes) for true color, a single image takes up about a megabyte of storage space. To make image files smaller almost every digital camera uses some form of compression. See the "JPG" entry below.

Continuous Autofocus - (Continuous-AF) The autofocus system is full-time and works even before the shutter release is pressed.

Continuous Tone - An image where brightness appears consistent and uninterrupted. Each pixel in a continuous tone image file uses at least one byte each for its red, green, and blue values. This permits 256 density levels per color or more than 16 million mixture colors.

Contrast - A measure of rate of change of brightness in an image.

Crop - To cut off the sides of an image to make it the proper size or to remove unwanted parts.

CR-V3 - This is a 3V lithium battery used in many Olympus brand (and other) digital cameras. It lasts much longer than alkaline but it is also more costly.

CRW / CR2 - The raw CCD file format used by Canon digital cameras. Abbreviated from CanonRaW. Canon also has newer CR2 raw format as well.

Dark Frame - A noise reduction process whereby a camera takes a second exposure of a black frame after the camera takes a long exposure (1/2-second or longer) image. The image "noise" is easily identified in the black frame shot and is then electronically removed from the actual image. This helps reduce the amount of hot pixels that normally show up in long exposure shots from digital cameras.

DC - Direct Current. Battery power as in 9v DC battery

Decompression - The process by which the full data content of a compressed file is restored.

Dedicated Flash - Describes an electronic flash that is made to be used only with a specific model of camera. Canon, Nikon, Olympus and other cameras have specific electrical contacts in the hot shoe to pass TTL-metering and AF range data to/from the flash unit. You can not use a dedicated Canon flash on a Nikon camera for example.

Densitometer - A tool used to measure the amount of light that is reflected or transmitted by an object.

Depth of Field - depth of field (DOF) The range of sharp focus. Controlled by the focal length and aperture opening of the lens. A large aperture yields shallow DOF. Smaller apertures yield deeper DOF.

(Be sure to follow the directions when calculating the DOF for your digital camera's lens -- it is NOT calculated using the 35mm equivalent (i.e. 35-105mm) focal length often quoted in our reviews -- you must use the real focal length of the smaller digital lens. The site linked above has a listing of popular cameras and their real lens specifications.)

Diffusion Dithering - A method of dithering that randomly distributes pixels instead of using a set pattern.

Digital Film - Term used to describe solid state flash memory cards.

Digital Image Stabilization (DIS) - An electronic method of minimizing the effect of camera shake during video recording. The most common method of DIS is to capture a larger frame and electronically crop the edges depending on the direction of camera movement. See also "Anti-Shake" and "Optical Image Stabilization"

Digital Zoom - A digital magnification of the center 50% of an image. Digital zooms by nature generate less than sharp images because the new "zoomed" image has been interpolated.

Digitization - The process of converting analog information into digital format for use by a computer.

Diopter Adjustment - Adjusts the optical viewfinder's magnification factor to suit the eyesight of the user. Look for a knob or dial next to or beneath the viewfinder's eyepiece. Not all cameras have this feature.

Dithering - A method for simulating many colors or shades of gray with only a few. A limited number of same-colored pixels located close together is seen as a new color.

DOF - Abbreviation for Depth of Field (see above).

Download - Transfer image data from the camera to the computer using a cable attached to either the serial port (slow) or USB port (faster.)

DPI - Dots per Inch. A measurement value used to describe either the resolution of a display screen or the output resolution of a printer.

DPOF - Digital Print Order Format. Allows you to embed printing information on your memory card. Select the pictures to be printed and how many prints to make. Some photo printers with card slots will use this info at print time. Mostly used by commercial photo finishers or those Kodak kiosks you find in the mall.

DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory. A type of memory that is volatile - it is lost when the power is turned off.

DRAM Buffer - All digital cameras have a certain amount of fixed memory in them to facilitate image processing before the finished picture is stored to the flash memory card. Cameras that have a burst mode have much larger DRAM buffers, often 32MB or larger. This also makes them more expensive.

DSLR - Digital SLR (Single Lens Reflex) camera. Interchangeable lens digital camera. Manufacturers include Canon, Fuji, Nikon, and Pentax.

DVD - "Digital Versatile Disc"
DVD is DVD-Video recorded on a DVD-R or DVD-RW disc, which contains superior quality video (MPEG-2) and audio. Typically, a DVD can hold more than one hour of video.

Dye Sub - Dye Sublimation is a printing process where the color dyes are thermally transferred to the printing media. Dye sub printers use the CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) color format and have either three ribbons (cyan, magenta and yellow) or high-end printers have four CMY plus a blacK. The paper is run in and out of the printer four times, once for each color and then a fourth time when a protective overcoat is applied. Dye sub is continuous tone printing, it prints tiny square dots each of which is denser in the center and lighter on the edges. These dots can be varied from almost no dot at all to an almost completely solid dot. The dyes are transparent so different colored dots can be printed on top of each other to form any one of 16-million colors. This is known as the subtractive color process. Dye sub prints rival conventional photographs in both their color gamut and longevity with water and UV resistant qualities.

Epson PictureMate

Canon Selphy

Dynamic Range - A measurement of the accuracy of an image in color or gray level. More bits of dynamic range results in finer gradations being preserved.

E-TTL / E-TTL II - Canon's flash exposure system used on their digital SLRs. To quote Canon: "The “smarter” E-TTL II system captures the subject as a “plane” and ensures that images containing various colors and levels of reflection are captured accurately and optimally. The system compares the ambient light with the reflected pre- flash off the subject reported in all 35 metering zones and selects the areas with a small difference to be weighted for flash exposure calculation. This system also eliminates or under weights areas with large difference recognizing them as an extremely reflective object in the background or as a highly reflective subject, smartly ensuring it by considering the distance information data provided from compatible EF lenses. The system similarly prevents over-exposure when photographers lock focus and recompose the shot by considering the flash output level calculated according to the broader distance."

EPP - Enhanced Parallel Port - the newer hi-speed, bidirectional printer port on modern computers. Some older digital cameras and scanners use the EPP port to transfer data.

E-TTL - Canon's Evaluative-TTL exposure system that uses a brief pre-flash before the main flash to calculate the exposure index.

EV - Exposure Value, a very complex thing but in the digital camera world it usually means the ability to override the auto exposure system to lighten or darken an image.

EVF - Electronic ViewFinder, a small color LCD with a magnified lens that functions as an eye level viewfinder. Usually found on video camcorders but they are also used on super-zoom digital cameras where optical viewfinders are impractical beyond 4x.

EXIF - EXIF (Exchangeable Image File format) refers to the embedded camera and exposure information that a digital camera puts in the header of the JPG files it creates. Many graphic programs (Photoshop, ThumbsPlus, Qimage Pro, CameraAid) can read and display this information.

Exif Print - Exif Print (Exif 2.2) is a new worldwide printer independent standard. Under Exif 2.2, the digital still camera can record data tags for specific camera settings and functions such as whether the flash was on or off, if the camera was in landscape, portrait or night scene mode, etc. Referencing some or all of this information, an Exif Print compatible application can process digital camera images intelligently based on specific camera settings and the shooting environment.

Exposure - The amount of light that reaches the image sensor and is controlled by a combination of the lens aperture and shutter speed.

Exposure Bracketing - the camera automatically takes a series of 3 or 5 pictures and slightly varies the EV for each frame. This insures that at least one of the pictures will be as close to perfectly exposed as possible.

Exposure Compensation - Lighten or darken the image by overriding the exposure system. Also known as EV Compensation.

f-stop - A numerical designation that indicates the size of the aperture. It is inversely proportional as a smaller number like F2.8 is a large opening and a large number like F16 is a relatively small opening.

FAT - File Allocation Table - Digital camera memory cards use the same type of file storage methods as personal computer floppy disk and hard drives, the maximum storage size is determined by the version of FAT being used (FAT, FAT16, FAT32). This wasn't a concern to digital camera users until memory card capacities exceeded 2-GigaBytes. As of 2006 we have CF cards up to 8GB and SD cards up to 4GB. To access cards with capacity beyond 2GB requires the use of the FAT32 file system. This is a function of your camera's firmware so be sure to check your user manual or contact the manufacturer before purchasing a card larger than 1GB as it may not work in your camera.

(History lesson: The File Allocation Table (FAT) was designed and coded in Feb. 1976 by a kid named Bill Gates during a five day stay at the Hilton Hotel in Albuquerque. He developed it for a version of Basic that could store programs and data on floppy disks. The FAT design was incorporated by Tim Patterson in an early version of an operating system for the Intel 8086 chip. Gates bought the rights to the system, then rewrote it to create the first version of DOS. As a direct result, Gates is now the richest man in America.)

FDD - Floppy disk drive, the most common being a 1.44MB 3-1/2" drive like those used in today's PC computers.

Field of View - please see FOV below.

File - A collection of information, such as text, data, or images saved on a disk or hard drive.

File Format - A type of program or data file. Some common image file formats include TIFF, JPEG, and BMP.

Fill Flash - Using the flash to lighten shadow areas or just to provide more overall illumination in situations where you normally wouldn't use the flash. Outdoors in bright light you get very stark shadows underneath of people's noses, chins and etc. Toggle the flash setting to "forced on" or "fill" and the flash will now fire on every shot. It also gives your human subjects that special little sparkle in their eyes.

FireWire - Also known as "iLink" and officially designated as the IEEE 1394 protocol. A high-speed data interface now being used on digital camcorders and some high-end digital still cameras.

Firmware - An often-used micro program or instruction set stored in ROM. Usually refers to the ROM-based software that controls a unit. Firmware is found in all computer based products from Cameras to Digital Peripherals.

Fixed Aperture - Normally when a zoom lens goes from wide angle to telephoto the aperture changes. If the camera has an option to fix the aperture value then it remains constant regardless of focal length.

Fixed Focal Length - A term that describes a non-zoom lens, it is fixed at a given focal length and is not variable.

Fixed Focus - A lens that is preset to a given focus distance, it has no autofocus mechanism, set to give the camera the maximum depth of field

Flash - A built-in flash supplies auxiliary light to supplement natural or available lighting conditions often resulting in better color, better exposure, and improved picture sharpness.

Flash Memory - This is the "film" for digital cameras, it can be erased and reused many times. It is non volatile memory, data is preserved even when it is not under power. They are several major types used in digital cameras; CompactFlash, SmartMedia and Memory Stick.

Flash Memory Reader - See Card Readers
see: Flash Memory Cards/Readers.

Flashpath - A device that allows a SmartMedia card to be inserted into a regular floppy diskette drive and its data transferred to the computer. There is also now a Flashpath device for Memory Stick cards too.

Flat Bed Scanner - An optical scanner in which the original image remains stationary while the sensors (usually a CCD linear array) passes over or under it. The scanned material is held flat and scanned using a reflective process.

Floppy Disk Adapter - A device that resembles a 3-1/2" floppy diskette and allows a SmartMedia cards or Sony Memory Stick modules to be read in a standard 1.44MB floppy disk drive.
and check here: Flash Memory Cards/Readers

Focal Length - A lens' angle of view, most commonly indicated as wide angle, normal or telephoto. Usually compared to a 35mm camera's lenses as in "the camera has a wide angle lens equivalent to a 38mm lens on a 35mm camera." See also "Zoom Lens"

Focus Assist - Some cameras employ a visible or invisible (infrared) lamp to illuminate the subject so the autofocus can work in low light or total darkness.

Focus Lock - Pre-focusing the camera and then moving it to re-compose the image before capturing it. Accomplished by half-pressing the shutter button and keeping it held at that position while moving the camera to another point before pressing it all the way to capture the image.

Foreground - The part of a scene that is near the viewer.

FOV - Field of View - The area covered by the lens' angle of view. This is important to those with a digital SLR camera using lenses designed for 35mm film cameras. The manufacturers specify the FOV for these lenses when used on a 35mm camera but not when they're used on a modern dSLR camera.

FPX - FlashPiX - Trade name for a new multi-resolution image file format jointly developed and introduced in June 1996 by Kodak, HP, Microsoft and Live Picture.

Frame - One of the still pictures that make up a video.

Frame rate - The number of frames that are shown or sent each second. Live action relates to a frame rate of 30 frames per second.

Full Bleed - Printing term used when an image or inked area extends to the edge of all four sides of the printed piece. Better known as "borderless" in today's world of inkjet photo printers.

Gamma - A measure of the amount of contrast found in an image according to the properties of a gradation curve. High contrast has high gamma and low contrast low gamma.

Gamma Correction - In reference to displaying an image accurately on a computer screen, Gamma correction controls the overall brightness of an image. Images which are not properly corrected can look either bleached out, or too dark.

Gamut - The range of colors that are available in an image or output process. It is generally used in describing the capabilities of a printer to reproduce colors faithfully and vibrantly - i.e. "The xxxxx printer has a wide color gamut."

GIF - A graphic file format used mainly for Web graphic or small animated files. Not good for photos as it only contains a maximum of 256 colors.

Gigabyte (GB) - A measure of computer memory or disk space consisting of about one thousand million bytes (a thousand megabytes). The actual value is 1,073,741,824 bytes (1024 megabytes).

Gradation - A smooth transition between black and white, one color and another, color and no color.

Gray Level - The brightness of a pixel. The value associated with a pixel representing it's lightness from black to white. Usually defined as a value from 0 to 255, with 0 being black and 255 being white.

Gray Scale - A term used to describe an image containing shades of gray rather than color. Most commonly referred to as a black and white photo.

Guide Number - The output power rating of a electronic flash unit.

HAD CCD - Sony's latest CCD imager, HAD = Hole Accumulation Diode

Halftone Image - An image reproduced through a special screen made up of dots of various sizes to simulate shades of gray in a photograph. Typically used for newspaper or magazine reproduction of images but it is also how today's inkjet printers work. Halftoning or dithering are the methods used to produce a smooth gradation of color versus distinct bands of color or moirè patterns.

HD - Hard drive (aka HDD), the internal, large-capacity data storage unit in today's PC computers.

HDTV - High Definition Television. New video "standard" that will resolve 1,125 lines in the United States instead of the traditional 525 lines of the NTSC standard. The aspect ratio (width:height) is 16:9 versus 4:3 of regular TV sets. Many Panasonic digital cameras now have a HDTV setting to produce photos for display on modern LCD and plasma TV screens.

Histogram - A bar graph analysis tool that can be used to identify contrast and dynamic range of an image. Histograms are found in the more advanced digital cameras and software programs (graphic editors) used to manipulate digital images. The histogram shows a scale of 0 - 255 (left to right) with 0 being black and 255 being white.

Hot Shoe - A flash connector generally found on the top of the camera that lets you attach a flash unit and trigger it in sync with the shutter.

Hue - A term used to describe the entire range of colors of the spectrum; hue is the component that determines just what color you are using. In gradients, when you use a color model in which hue is a component, you can create rainbow effects.

i-TTL - Nikon's new flash exposure system, used on new D70s digital SLR and SB-600 and SB-800 Speedlights.

ICC Profile - The International Color Consortium, a group that sets standard guidelines for color management in the imaging world. Most printers, monitors and scanners as well as digital cameras, usually come with a driver disc for Windows and Mac systems that includes ICC profiles for the particular device. Color profiles simply let one piece of hardware or software "know" how another device or image created its colors and how they should be interpreted or reproduced.

IEEE-1284 - This is the high-speed bidirectional parallel port specification used on Windows PCs mostly for printers.

IEEE-1394 - Better known as "FireWire" - it's a high-speed input/output bus used by digital video devices, film/flatbed scanners, high-end digital still cameras & PCs.

iESP - Olympus' exposure metering system.

iLink - Sony's term for IEE-1394 FireWire data port found on their camcorders.

Image Processing - Capturing and manipulating images in order to enhance or extract information.

Image Resolution - The number of pixels per unit length of image. For example, pixels per inch, pixels per millimeter, or pixels wide.

Image Sensor - A traditional camera exposes a piece of light-sensitive film, digital cameras use an electronic image sensor to gather the image data. See "CCD" and "CMOS" as well as "Interlaced" and "Progressive Scan"

Image Stabilization - An optical or digital system for removing or reducing camera movement in telephoto zoom lenses. Usually found on Nikon P4, P3, and Canon SD430. Can also be found on all Panasonic digital cameras.

Inkjet - A type of printer that sprays dots of ink onto paper to create the image. Modern inkjet printers now have resolutions of up to 2880dpi and create true photo-quality prints.

Interlaced - Term used to describe an image sensor that gathers its data by first processing the odd lines and then the even lines. See also "Progressive Scan" for the other (preferred) method.

Interpolated - Software programs can enlarge image resolution beyond the actual resolution by adding extra pixels using complex mathematic calculations. See "Resolution" below

Intervalometer - Fancy term for Time-Lapse. Capture an image or series of images at preset intervals automatically.

Interval Recording - Capturing a series of images at preset intervals. Also called time-lapse.

IR - InfraRed (aka IrDA) uses an invisible (to humans) beam of light to either wirelessly control a device or as a method of transferring data from camera to computer (or printer) without cables. Some cameras also employ infrared in the auto focusing system.

ISO - The speed or specific light-sensitivity of a camera is rated by ISO numbers such as 100, 400, etc. The higher the number, the more sensitive it is to light. As with film, the higher speeds usually induce more electronic noise so the image gets grainier. ISO is the abbreviation for International Standards Organization. (In the good old days it was known as the "ASA film speed.")

"Jaggies" - Slang term for the stair-stepped appearance of a curved or angled line in digital imaging. The smaller the pixels, and the greater their number the less apparent the "jaggies". Also known as pixelization.

JFIF - A specific type of the JPG file format. Also known as EXIF

JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group - The name of the committee that designed the standard image compression algorithm. JPEG is designed for compressing either full-color or grey-scale digital images of "natural", real-world scenes. It does not work so well on non-realistic images, such as cartoons or line drawings. JPEG does not handle compression of black-and-white (1 bit-per-pixel) images or moving pictures. See "JPG" below.

JPEG2000 - The new JPEG compression standard that will be used in digital cameras and software starting in 2002 (maybe?). It will feature higher compression but with less image quality loss.

JPG - The most common type of compressed image file format used in digital cameras. It is a "lossy" type of storage because even in its highest quality mode there is compression used to minimize its size.

KB - Can be used to mean either a keyboard for a computer or more commonly "KB" means a kilobyte of data.

Landscape Mode - Holding the camera in its normal horizontal orientation to capture the image. See Portrait Mode.

LCD - Liquid Crystal Display. Two types: (1) a TFT high-resolution color display device like a tiny TV set. (2) A monochrome (B&W) information display using black alphanumeric characters on a gray/green background.

LED - Light Emitting Diode. All those wonderful little red, green and yellow indicator lights used on cameras, power supplies and most electronic devices.

Li-ion - Some digital cameras are packaged with a lithium-ion rechargeable battery pack. Lithium batteries are lighter but more costly than NiMH or NiCd type of rechargeable cells. Lithium cells can be recharged regardless of their state of discharge, they're lighter in weight and maintain a charge better in colder temperatures. Li-ion also holds a charge longer when idle.

Lossless - Storing the image in a non-compressed format, see TIFF.

Low Pass Filter - Most digital SLR cameras employ a Low Pass Filter (LPF) or Anti-Aliasing (AA) filter in front of the imager to help eliminate color aliasing (moire) problems.

Mac - Refers to the Macintosh type of computers

Macro - The ability of a lens to focus very close (less than 8") for taking pictures of small objects at a 1:1 ratio.

mAh - A rating used in the consumption of power of an electronic device such as an LCD or the storage capability of a device like an NiMH or Nicad rechargeable battery (i.e. 1600mAh cell). It stands for milliAmperehour.

Matrix metering - In most digital cameras there is a matrix metering option which uses 256 areas of the frame to calculate the best overall exposure value.
see also: "Spot metering" and "Center-weighted"

MB - MegaByte, memory term meaning 1024 KiloBytes. Used to denote the size of a flash memory card such as 4MB, 8MB etc. (MB [megabyte] is often confused with Mb [megabit], there's 8 bits in a byte so 256Mb = 32MB.)

MD - MiniDisc - Digital recording media like a small floppy disc. This is common for audio data and has been used on several digital cameras sold in Japan and Europe but not in the U.S. yet.

MegaOIS - Panasonic's optical image stabilization system used on their Lumix digital cameras.

Megapixel - CCD resolution of one million pixels. digital cameras are commonly rated by Megapixels. You multiply the horizontal resolution by the vertical resolution to get the total pixel count:

Memory Stick - A flash memory card standard from Sony. They resemble a stick of gum and currently (09/02) come in sizes from 4MB up to 128MB.
also see: Flash Memory Cards/Readers

Memory Stick Duo - A smaller version of Sony's Memory Stick, about the same size as SD cards and used in all of Sony's compact digital cameras from 2005 to current.

Memory Stick PRO Duo - An even higher performance Memory Stick Duo card, required for recording the VX Fine movie mode at 30fps without errors.

Memory Stick Pro - The year 2003 upgrade to Sony's full size Memory Stick cards. The new MS Pro cards are available in 256MB, 512MB and 1GB capacities and offer faster read/write times.

Metering - Used to calculate the exposure from the existing light conditions. See: "Matrix Metering," "Spot metering" and "Center-weighted"

Microdrive - IBM/Hitachi miniature hard disk drive for digital cameras, PDAs and MP3 players. Packaged in a CompactFlash Type II housing and available in 170MB, 340MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB, 8GB capacities.

miniCD - The small diameter (3-inch) CD discs. miniCD-R and miniCD-R/W discs are used in the Sony Mavica "CD" series (CD200, CD250, CD300, CD400 and CD1000) digital cameras. Their maximum capacity is ~165MB

mm - millimeter, measurement to denote the focal length of a lens (i.e. 50mm)

MMC - MultiMedia Card, a flash memory card used in some digital cameras and MP3 players. It is identical in size and shape to the Secure Digital (SD) flash cards.
and check here: Flash Memory Cards/Readers

Moirè - A visible pattern that occurs when one or more halftone screens are misregistered in a color image. Often produces a colored checkerboard or rainbow pattern.

MOV - Apple QuickTime MOVie file format. See "Movie clip"

Movie clip - A sequence of motion captured in AVI, MOV or MPEG format. Some digital cameras can capture short movie sequences, some can also record the sound.

Motion JPEG - A video sequence composed of a sequence of JPEG compressed images. Abbreviated to MPEG (see MEG below).

MP - Abbreviation for MegaPixel, i.e. 1.5MP or 1.5MPixel

MPEG - Motion JPEG movie file. See "Movie clip"
The digital video compression standard agreed upon by the Motion Picture Expert Group, from the motion picture-computer industry. MPEG-2 is used by most camcorders and MPEG-4 with a higher compression ratio is popular with digital cameras that offer motion video recording.

MPEG-EX - Motion JPEG movie file created by Sony cameras. This was the first motion video recording sequence mode that was limited in length only by the amount of available storage space.

MPEG-HQX - Motion JPEG movie file created by year 2002 Sony cameras that incorporates the MPEG-HQ (high quality, full-screen) and the unlimited recording capability of MPEG-EX in 320x240 resolution.

MPEG-VX - Motion JPEG movie file created by year 2003 Sony digital cameras. It is VGA resolution (640x480) at 16fps with audio and the length is limited only by available storage space. VX Fine is 30fps, very high quality.

Multi-Pattern Metering - Exposure is determined by reading many different zones in the frame. This yields a more optimum exposure than those cameras using only a central zone metering system.

Multi-Point Focusing - The autofocus systems uses SEVERAL different portions of the image to determine the proper focus.

Multi Zone Focusing - Many digital cameras now offer multi zone focusing. The camera will automatically determine which zone (center, left, right, upper, lower) to use to perform the auto focusing. You no longer have to make sure that your subject is dead-center to be properly focused.

NEF - Raw image data file format used by the Nikon digital SLR (D1x, D100, etc) and some Coolpix digital cameras. NEF means Nikon Electronic Format.

NiCd - Nickel Cadmium (aka Nicad), a type of rechargeable battery. Nicad was the original type of rechargeable battery and has been pretty much replaced by the NiMH type.

NiMH - Nickel-Metal Hydride, a type of rechargeable battery. NiMH is the more modern type of rechargeable battery and has been touted as having no memory effect as is common with Nicad type batteries when they are charged before they have been fully discharged. NiMH may also be called NiHy by some folks.
and check here: NiMH Batteries/Chargers

Noise - Pixels in your digital image that were misinterpreted. Usually occurs when you shoot a long exposure (beyond 1/2-second) or when you use the higher ISO values from 400 or above. It appears as random groups of red, green or blue pixels.

Noise Reduction - Some cameras that offer long shutter speeds (exceeding 1 second) usually have a noise reduction (NR) feature that is either automatic or can be enabled in the menu. This is to help eliminate random "hot" pixels and other image noise.

NTSC - Term used to describe the 60 field video output (television) standard used in the U.S. and Japan. See also "PAL" and "Video Out"

OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer. Means that the piece of equipment is made by one company but labeled for and sold by another company.

OLED - Organic Light Emitting Diode - Newly developed display technology that could replace LCD. OLED does not require a backlight like LCD displays and therefore is more energy efficient which is important to battery-operated portable devices. It also offers increased contrast and a better viewing angle which means it can be more easily viewed in bright (sunlight) conditions.

Optical Image Stabilization (OIS) - Most commonly found in higher-end dSLR telephoto and tele-zoom lenses. OIS uses a spinning gyroscope and a lens element to counteract camera movement and handshake at longer focal lengths and lower shutter speeds. OIS is also incorporated into fixed-lens digital cameras, first on the Olympus C-2500L, C-2100UZ and now by Canon on their Powershot S1 IS, S2 IS, S3 IS and SD700 IS and Panasonic on all their "FZ" 12x super-zoom digital cameras and other Lumix models (Panasonic calls it MegaOIS).

Optical Viewfinder - An eye level viewfinder that is used to compose the photograph.

Optical Zoom - Means that the camera has a real multi-focal length lens, this is not the same as a "Digital Zoom" which magnifies the center portion of the picture.

ORF - Olympus RAW format. The unprocessed image format created by Olympus E1, E10, E20, E300, E500 SLRs and C-5050, C-5060, C-7070, C-8080 Zoom cameras.

Orientation Sensor - A special sensor in some cameras that "knows" when your turn the camera in portrait orientation to take a vertical shot and "tells" the camera to display it that way later when viewed on the TV screen during playback.

Overexposure - An image that appears too light. All the highlights and colors are totally lost and usually unrecoverable even by software.

PAL - The 50 field video format used primarily in Europe and other places outside of the U.S. and Japan. See also "NTSC" and "Video Out"

Palette - A thumbnail of all available colors to a computer or devices. The palette allows the user to chose which colors are available for the computer to display. The more colors the larger the data and the more processing time required to display your images. If the system uses 24-bit color, then over 16.7 million colors are included in the palette.

Panorama - Capturing a series of images to create a picture wider than what you could capture in a single image. Requires special "stitching" software to combine and blend the images into one finished image.

Parallax - An effect seen in closeup photography where the viewfinder does not see the same as the lens due to the offset of the viewfinder and the lens. This is a non-issue if using the LCD as a viewfinder or if your camera is a SLR type.

PC - In camera terms it denotes a type of flash synch connector, popular on most film cameras.

PC - In computer terms it means a Personal Computer as in IBM-PC

PC Card - Refers to a credit card-sized device which can be a flash memory card, a network card, a modem or even a hard drive. Comes in two flavors: Type I/II which is a single slot height and Type III which requires a double-height card slot.

PCMCIA - The card slots found on laptop computers to use PC Cards. There are PCMCIA adapters for CompactFlash, SmartMedia, Secure Digital, MultiMediaCard and Memory Stick flash cards.

Photo CD - Kodak's professional service where they process your film and then scan the images using a very expensive drum scanner and output these images to a CD. You get several different sized resolution images of each of your film pictures, from small to very large. PhotoCD is multi-session which means more than one roll of pictures may be put on each PhotoCD disc.

PICT - A graphics file format used primarily on Macintosh computers. PICT files can contain both object-oriented and bit-mapped graphics. There are two types: PICT I and PICT II. PICT II is the current standard and supports color up to 24-bit.

PictBridge - PictBridge is a new standard for direct USB printing from digital cameras to inkjet and dye sub photo printers without the use of a computer.

PictureCD - Kodak's amateur service of putting your camera images (1,534-by-1,024) onto a CD disc. 35mm or APS camera pictures can be put on the PictureCD discs for about $5.99 on top of regular processing fees. One roll per PictureCD.

PIM - PRINT Image Matching - Epson's new standard of embedded color and printing information for digital cameras. Many of the camera manufacturers have joined with Epson and now embed the PIM information in the Exif header of the JPEG images created. Epson announced at PMA 2002 the new Exif 2.2 standard incorporating their PIM info.

Pin-Cushioning - A common geometric lens distortion causing an acquired image to pucker toward the center, usually found at telephoto focal lengths.

Pixel - The individual imaging element of a CCD or the individual output point of a display device. This is what is meant by the figures 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768, 1280x960 and etc when dealing with the resolution of a particular digital camera. Higher numbers are always better!!

Pixelization - The stair-stepped appearance of a curved or angled line in digital imaging. The smaller the pixels, and the greater their number, the less apparent the "pixelization" of the image. Also known as the "jaggies".

Plug-n-Play - An automated installation process used in MS Windows to connect peripherals to a computer. When new devices are plugged into the computer the computer recognizes the device and prompts the user to choose setup options and finish installation.

Polarizer - A photographic filter for eliminating glare and reflections. Just like your polarized sunglasses get rid of annoying glare, the polarizer filter does the same for your digital camera. However - there are 2 types, linear and circular. Linear is for film only, it screws up most auto focus systems on digital cameras. Therefore be sure you use a circular polarizer filter. It can also be used to darken skies.

PNG - An image file format. PNG stands for Portable Network Graphics. It is a compressed file format similar to JPG.

Point and Shoot - A term used for a simple, easy to use camera with a minimum of user controls. Generally the user turns the camera on, aims it at the subject and presses the shutter button. The camera does everything automatically.

Polarizing Filter - A filter than helps eliminate light reflections by limiting the angle of light that reaches the lens. There are two types: Linear and Circular. Linear type filters should not be used with digital cameras as they hinder the auto focus system. The circular type filters can be rotated to adjust to the light angle needed.

PPI - Pixels Per Inch - A measurement to describe the size of a printed image. The higher the number the more detailed the print will be.

Pre-Flash - Some digital cameras use a low-power flash before the main flash to set the exposure and white balance. This does not allow the use of a normal photo slave strobe as it will be triggered by the pre-flash.

Programmed AE - the camera picks the best shutter speed and aperture automatically, also called "Automatic" or "Point-n-Shoot" mode.

Progressive Scan - Term used to describe an image sensor that gathers its data and processes each scan line one after another in sequence. See also "Interlaced" for the other method.

Prosumer - Refers to more expensive semi-professional digital cameras costing $1,000 and up. The average digital camera is made for the consumer market and costs well under $1,000.

QuickTime - A motion video standard created by Apple. They have an entire QuickTime web site to explain it. QuickTime video sequences can contain an audio track and are stored as .MOV files.

QVGA - Refers to a Quarter-VGA resolution (320 x 240) motion video sequences.

RAM - Random Access Memory . The most common type of computer memory; where the CPU stores software, programs, and data currently being used. RAM is usually volatile memory, meaning that when the computer is turned off, crashes, or loses power, the contents of the memory are lost. A large amount of RAM usually offers faster manipulation or faster background processing.

Rangefinder - The viewfinder on most cameras is a separate viewing device that is independent of the lens. Often mounted above and to the right or left of the lens. It exhibits a problem known as parallax when trying to frame subjects closer than five feet from the camera so it is advisable to use the color LCD when shooting closeups for this very reason.

RAW - RAW files store the unprocessed image data - at 12 bits per channel - from the camera's imaging chip to its memory storage device. Lossless compression is applied to reduce filesize slightly without compromising any quality. RAW image files must be processed with special software before they can be viewed or printed. The advantage is that you have the ability to alter the white balance, exposure value, color values, contrast, brightness and sharpness as you see fit before you convert this data into the standard JPEG or TIFF format. Professional digi-photographers import RAW image data directly into photo-editing programs like Photoshop CS (which comes with a Camera Raw import module that works with most popular RAW formats.)

Red-Eye - An effect caused by an electronic flash reflecting off of the human eye and making it look red. Compact cameras with the flash located close to the lens suffer the worst from this problem. Pro photographers use a bracket to hold an external flash unit above and off to the side of the lens to eliminate red-eye.

Red-Eye Reduction Mode - A special flash mode whereby a pre-flash or a series of low-powered flashes are emitted before the main flash goes off to expose the picture. This causes the pupil in the human eye to close and helps eliminate red-eye.

Render - The final step of an image transformation or three-dimensional scene through which a new image is refreshed on the screen.

Resize - Usually means to take a large image and downsize it to a smaller one. Most graphic viewing and editing programs offer a Resize option for this purpose.

Resolution - The quality of any digital image, whether printed or displayed on a screen, depends in part on its resolution—the number of pixels used to create the image. More and smaller pixels adds detail and sharpens edges.

Optical Resolution is an absolute number that the camera's image sensor can physically record.

Interpolated Resolution adds pixels to the image using complex software algorithms to determine what color they should be. It is important to note that interpolation doesn't add any new information to the image - it just makes it bigger!

Camera makers often specify the resolution as: QVGA (320 x 240), VGA (640 x 480), SVGA (800 x 600), XGA (1024 x 768) or UXGA (1600 x 1200)

RF - Range Finder - a type of camera viewfinder that uses one lens to frame your subject and another lens to capture the image. See "SLR" for the other type.

RGB - Means Red, Green and Blue - the primary colors from which all other colors are derived. The additive reproduction process mixes various amounts of red, green and blue to produce other colors. Combining one of these additive colors primary colors with another produces the additive secondary colors cyan, magenta and yellow. Combining all three produces white.

RS-232 - Standard type of serial data interconnection available on most PC type computers. It's the slowest way to transfer image data from a camera. Most digital cameras made after 2001 do not use serial ports, they use the faster USB.

Saturation - The degree to which a color is undiluted by white light. If a color is 100 percent saturated, it contains no white light. If a color has no saturation, it is a shade of gray.

Scanner - An optical device that converts images - such as photographs - into digital form so they can be stored and manipulated on computers. Different methods of illumination transmit light through red, green and blue filters and digitize the image into a stream of pixels.

Scene Modes - Many digital cameras now have an exposure mode called SCENE where the user selects the best pre-programmed scene to suit the current shooting conditions. The camera will automatically change many settings to capture the best possible image.

SCSI - A high-speed input/output bus used mainly in Macintosh computers but also popular in many high-end PCs. Abbreviation for Small Computer Systems Interface.

SD - Secure Digital card, a flash memory card used in digital cameras and MP3 players. It is identical in size and shape to the MultiMedia Card (MMC) flash cards. The difference being that SD cards were designed to hold protected (copyrighted) data like songs. Not all cameras that use SD cards can use MMC cards so be sure to read your owner manual before buying additional cards.
and check here: Flash Memory Cards/Readers

Secure Digital - Secure Digital. See "SD" above.

Self Timer - Preset time delay (2, 5 or 10 seconds) before the shutter fires. Allows the photographer to get into the picture without using a cable release or remote control. It is also great for taking macro shots as you don't touch the camera to trip the shutter and thus eliminates any camera shake.

Sepia - The (brown) mono-toned images from the "good ole days" now often found as a special image effect on some digital cameras.

Serial Port - Same as "RS-232" above.

Sharpness - The clarity of detail in a photo.

Shutter - The physical device that opens and closes to let light from the scene strike the image sensor. digital cameras use both electronic and mechanical shutters.

Shutter Lag - The time between pressing the shutter and actually capturing the image. This is due to the camera having to calculate the exposure, set the white balance and focus the lens.

Shutter Priority AE - the user chooses a shutter speed and the aperture is automatically determined by lighting conditions. Shutter speed priority is used to control motion capture. A fast shutter speed stops fast action, a slow shutter speed blurs a fast moving subject.

Skylight Filter - This is an UltraViolet absorbing filter that helps overcome the abundance of blue in outdoor photographs. Not really necessary in digital photography as the camera's white balance system adjusts for the color temperature of the scene. We do use them to protect the camera's lens from scratching, fingerprints or dirt.

Slow Sync - A flash mode in some digital cameras that opens the shutter for a longer than normal period and fires the flash just before it closes. Used for illuminating a foreground subject yet allowing a darker background to also be rendered. Good for night time shots of buildings with people in the foreground. Often called Night Scene or Night Portrait mode.

SLR - Single Lens Reflex - Means the camera has a viewfinder that sees through the lens (TTL) by way of a 45°-angled mirror that flips up when the shutter fires and allows the light to strike the image sensor (or film).

SmartMedia - (aka SSFDC), a flash memory card that consists of a thin piece of plastic with laminated memory on the surface and uses a gold contact strip to connect to the camera. SmartMedia cards are available from 4MB up to 128MB in size and have now been discontinued and replaced by xD-Picture Card media for use in Fuji and Olympus cameras.
For more info see Flash Memory Cards/Readers

Smoothing - Averaging pixels with their neighbors. It reduces contrast and simulates an out-of-focus image.

Spot Metering - The camera's auto exposure system is focused on a very small area in the center of the viewfinder to critically adjust the overall exposure value ONLY for that area.
see also: "Center-weighted" and "Matrix metering"

SRF - Sony raw format filetype identifier. i.e. DSC00101.SRF

SSFDC - Solid State Floppy Disc Card - See "SmartMedia" above

Stitching - Combining a series of images to form a larger image or a panoramic photo. Requires special graphic software.

Subtractive Color - Photographs and objects of nature create color by subtracting or absorbing certain wavelengths of color while reflecting other wavelengths back to the viewer. This is called subtractive color. Example - The common apple, it is seen as "red" by the human eye or a digital camera. The apple really has no color (light energy of its own), it merely reflects certain wavelengths of white light that cause us to see red and absorbs most other wavelengths. Color paintings, color photography and all color printing processes use the subtractive process to reproduce color. In these cases, the reflective substrate is canvas (paintings) or paper (photographs, prints), which is usually white.

SuperCCD - Fujifilm's image sensor used in their line of digital cameras.

SVCD - "Super Video Compact Disc"
A CD-ROM disc that contains high quality video and audio. Typically, a SVCD can hold about 35~45 minutes (650MB) of video and stereo-quality audio (depends on the data rate used for encoding). The video and audio are stored in MPEG-2 format, much like a DVD. SVCD video has better quality than VHS video.

SVCD Video Parameter Settings
Frame Size: 480x480 (NTSC) or 480x576 (PAL)
Frame Rate: 29.97frames/second (NTSC) or 25 frames/second (PAL)
Video Data Rate: Variable bit rate up to 2600 kbps
Audio Settings: 32~384 kbps MPEG-1 Layer 2 audio bit rate

SVGA - SuperVGA refers to an image resolution size of 800 x 600 pixels.

Telephoto - The focal length that gives you the narrowest angle of coverage, good for bringing distant objects closer.

TFT - Refers to the type of hi-res color LCD screen used in digital cameras. TFT = Thin Film Transistor.

Thermal Dye Sublimation - please see Dye Sub

Thumbnail - A small, low-resolution version of a larger image file that is used for quick identification or speedy editing choices.

TIFF - Tagged Image File Format - An uncompressed image file format that is lossless and produces no artifacts as is common with other image formats such as JPG.

Time-Lapse - Capturing a series of images at preset intervals. Also called Interval Recording or Intervalometer.

Transreflective - This is a type of LCD display that uses ambient light as well as a backlight to illuminate the pixels. Can be seen easier in bright outdoor conditions.

Tripod - A three-legged supporting stand used to hold the camera steady. Especially useful when using slow shutter speeds and/or telephoto lenses.

True Color - Color that has a depth of 24-bits per pixel and a total of 16.7 million colors.

TTL - Through the Lens, used when talking about either an autofocus or auto exposure system that works through the camera's lens. It's also (incorrectly) used to mean SLR, see "SLR" above.

Type I, II, III - Denotes various PC ATA storage devices both flash memory and removable hard disk drives. Type I and II fit in the single-height card slots, Type III only fit in the double-height slots.
See also "PCMCIA" and "PC Card"

TWAIN - Protocol for exchanging information between applications and devices such as scanners and digital cameras. TWAIN makes it possible for digital cameras and software to "talk" with one another on PCs. The word TWAIN is the abbreviation of "Technology Without An Industry Name."

Underexposure - A picture that appears too dark because insufficient light was delivered to the imaging system. Opposite of overexposure.

Unsharp Masking - A process by which the apparent detail of an image is increased; generally accomplished by the input scanner or through computer manipulation.

USB - Universal Serial Bus - the data I/O port on most digital cameras and found on modern PC and Mac computers. Faster than the serial port. Up to 12Mb/s with v1.1 interfaces.

USB 2.0 - The newest USB standard, close in throughput speed to FireWire now. Up to 400Mb/s.

It's important to note that many manufacturers are now "duping" the buying public by using statements like - "Equipped with a full-speed USB 2.0 interface" which unfortunately means that it's really just a USB 1.1 interface that will transfer data at up to 12Mb/s with newer USB 2.0 computer interfaces. What you should look for is a statement that says "Equipped with a high-speed USB 2.0 interface." The specification for a high-speed USB 2.0 interface is data transfer up to 400Mb/s.

USM - Canon's UltraSonic Motor, a fast auto focus motor used in their high quality EF lenses and in the Powershot Pro 1 fixed-lens digital camera.

UV Filter - This is an UltraViolet absorbing filter that helps overcome the abundance of blue in outdoor photographs. Not really necessary in digital photography as the camera's white balance system adjusts for the color temperature of the scene. We do use them to protect the camera's lens from scratching, fingerprints or dirt.

UXGA - Refers to an image resolution size of 1600 x 1200 pixels.

VCD - "Video Compact Disc"
A CD-ROM disc that contains video and audio. Typically, a VCD can hold about 74 minutes (650MB) of video and stereo-quality audio. The video and audio are stored in MPEG-1 format and follow certain standards (White Book). VCD video quality is roughly the same as VHS video.

VCD Video Parameters Settings
Frame Size: 352x240 (NTSC) or 352x288 (PAL)
Frame Rate: 29.97 frames/second (NTSC) or 25 frames/second (PAL)
Video Data Rate: 1152 kbps
Audio Settings: Stereo, 44.1kHz and 224kbps audio bit rate

VGA - Refers to an image resolution size of 640 x 480 pixels.

Video Out - Means the digital camera has the ability to output its images on television screens and monitors using either NTSC or PAL format.

Viewfinder - The eye level device you look through to compose the image.

Vignetting - A term that describes the darkening of the outer edges of the image area due to the use of a filter or add-on lens. Most noticeable when the zoom lens is in full wideangle.

White Balance - Refers to adjusting the relative brightness of the red, green and blue components so that the brightest object in the image appears white. See also "AWB"

Wide angle - The focal length that gives you the widest angle of coverage.

WiFi - Wireless Fidelity - using the same IEEE 802.11b/g protocol as wireless networks for computers, digital cameras can transmit images to a computer, printer or even between cameras. As of March 2006 Canon, Kodak and Nikon have cameras with built-in WiFi capabilities. See our reviews of the Canon SD430, Nikon P1, Nikon P3, and the Nikon S6.

Windows Media Photo - A compressed graphic file format with the extension of .wdp that offers higher compression (smaller file size) then JPEG and will be a component of the new Windows Media Player 11, Windows Vista operating system and .NET Frameworks 3.0. Windows Media Photo (WMPhoto), a part of the Windows Media family, is a high compression still image format for continuous tone photographic images. It can support both lossy as well as lossless compression, and is the preferred image format for Microsoft's XPS documents. Created through a collaborative effort involving numerous people from Microsoft Research and the Digital Media Division.

X3 Image Sensor - Foveon's new image sensor for digital cameras that captures red, green and blue data at every pixel.

xD-Picture Card - A flash memory card standard that was co-developed by Fujifilm and Olympus in mid-2002. It has replaced SmartMedia cards which topped out at 128MB and is now out of production. xD cards are scheduled to go as large as 8GB and as of Q2 2006 is up to 1GB.

XGA - Refers to an image resolution size of 1024 x 768 pixels.

ZLR - Zoom Lens Reflex, a term coined by Olympus to describe their fixed mount lens SLR type cameras. An SLR camera has interchangeable lenses, a ZLR has a non-removeable zoom lens.

Zoom Lens - A variable focal length lens. The most common on digital cameras has a 3:1 ratio (i.e. 35-105mm). See "3x" and "Focal Length"